Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical stability. Accurately mapping these voids is essential for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole examination, can be time-consuming and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground wave velocity an
Geotechnical exploration strategies are crucial for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These voids can significantly influence the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and terrain. A variety of ground-based exploration methods are employed to locate cavities and voids. These include drilling, geophysical techniques such a
Geophysical exploration utilizes a crucial role in the identification and assessment of potential mineral orebodies. By employing various physical methods, geologists can probe beneath the Earth's surface to identify subsurface structures and indicators indicative of mineral concentration. These geophysical techniques often involve the recording o